The Orientation of Indonesia's Transportation Policies: Neoliberalism in Bus Rapid Transit Discourse In Urban Areas

Harvey's thesis (1989) in The Condition of Postmodernity, urban theory in the tradition of political economy criticism absorbs the analysis of cultural forms in the theory of social formation of space. This approach deals with the position of the city as a shaping force for the daily life of its people and practices that eventually become culture. With the political economy approach, the structural forces that make the city look real and the cultural process also takes place covering various types of identities and also subjectivity, apart from social class, so that the contestation of various subjects with their identities becomes an urban discourse that needs to be studied further.

Courtesy of Freepick.com 


The contestation in the street space is inseparable from the process of neoliberalism which is actually the realization of international capitalism. The strong current of international capitalism in the wave of globalization has had an impact on the development of world transportation. There is no space that escapes the exploration of capitalism. This number can be interpreted as the rapid growth of capitalism in urban areas.

Capitalism has dominated the urban system, and cities have not only become dense, anonymous and highly heterogeneous, but cities in Third World capitalist countries have entered a critical stage because the duality of structures and transport actors no longer corresponds to real political economy conditions. The structure of the relationship between government, industry and society in interacting in the process of production and reproduction of institutions and social, economic, political and cultural relations has also begun to be colored by the neglect of local conditions. This is manifested in the development of the mass transit system in Indonesia.

The orientation of Indonesia's transportation policies, especially the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) policy which in Jakarta is popularly called the busway, is very thick with the characteristics of this capitalism. There is a hierarchy of power corresponding to the division of labor of each international agency involved in the application of the BRT model in this country. The existence of the World Bank, USAID, ITDP, the government of Bogota, and other actors is a force that works to make the application of BRT technology successful in Indonesia. The concept of BRT with infrastructure called the busway as a rapid mass transit system has proven to be able to change the face of the city for the better, and increase economic activity in cities that apply the concept (Bogota, Columbia). The reliable performance of the Busway system (better known internationally as BRT coupled with cost-effectiveness of investment, makes this system an option for developing countries around the world to improve their public transport systems. Jakarta replicates the Bogota BRT model, but not the Curitiba model or the BRT model). Japan BRT was designed as a policy to reduce the use of private vehicles.

The presence of mass rapid transportation with special routes as an alternative to overcome transportation problems in urban areas, in addition to congestion is also a result of the declining quality of transportation services provided by private operators. The limitations of private operators in providing decent, comfortable and safe public transportation services and reinforced by the phenomenon of the government's bankruptcy in managing city buses set a precedent for the emergence of the phenomenon of someone's dependence on private vehicles. The increasing need for residents to move from residential areas which are now increasingly shifting to suburban areas, causes residents to travel not only farther to the city center, but also longer travel times and more expensive travel costs. The commuters in the end fight for road space with their respective modes of transportation.

The implementation of a new mass public transportation system in Jakarta which is manifested in the form of a bus-based transportation system with special lanes was seen and imitated by the Governor of DKI Jakarta Sutiyoso in 2003. The BRT system is seen as the cheapest and fastest system that can be implemented in Jakarta as a solutions to modern transportation problems. This system is actually not a new system, because it has been in Curitiba, Brazil for more than 20 years.


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