Is Economic Oriented Urban Spatial Planning Needed?

Measuring the welfare level of a country only relying on statistical data from per capita income or Gross National Product (GNP) is a step that is often done. However, these data have never been correlated with data on environmental damage, for example, or data on the health level of residents at a certain age (Priemus, 1999). In fact, if we examine the statement in the previous paragraph, high economic activity will also produce high waste material, which in the end leads to great pressure on the environment and has a negative impact on organisms that inhabit the environment. The bad impact can be in the form of health problems on the human body, the personal implication is that it interferes with work productivity as well as high costs for health care. Meanwhile, the political implication is that the government will be under high budget pressure to finance health services for its citizens.

Courtesy of Freepick.com


There are problems inherent in urban spatial planning. The issue is related to the concept of sustainable development is a concept that is still under debate, there is no consensus among experts to determine the definition of the concept of sustainable development itself, so that ambiguity and multiple interpretations of sustainable development seem to have become natural.


The issue of the protection of mangrove forest areas in the city of Surabaya has become a controversial issue so that it is one of the causes for the ratification of the Regional Regulation Plan in Surabaya city (Rancangan Peraturan Daerah/Raperda) and the spatial and regional planning  of the Surabaya city  (Rencana Tata Ruang dan Wilayah/RTRW). The mangrove forest area continues to shrink due to the urgency of residential development. In 1978 the area of mangrove forest in Surabaya was 3,300 hectares, in 1985 it had shrunk to 2,500 hectares. The Surabaya City Government has designated the east coast of Surabaya (Pamurbaya) as a mangrove conservation area. Various efforts have been made, including rehabilitation, environmental education, and development training. The commitment of the Surabaya City Government is strengthened by Regional Regulation Number 3 of 2007 concerning the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) of the City of Surabaya. The Surabaya City Government has also allocated a 2013 budget for land acquisition which is now controlled by the developer.


The Raperda on Spatial Planning for the City of Surabaya has not yet received approval from the DPRD. Although the Raperda has been delayed for approximately two years, the Regional People's Representative Assembly (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah/DPRD) has reconsidered the articles in the Raperda on RTRW which do not pay attention to ecological aspects, in particular the determination of space for Mangroves. There is a tug-of-war between actors in the article that regulates mangroves.


Spatial planning is political so that friction of interests is unavoidable. The DPRD fights for the public interest but this political representative institution also reduces the public interest at the same time. Therefore, spatial planning is not merely a technical domain but also a political domain and even enters into political economy. In the political domain, the contestation of power in planning represented by the actors has their respective interest targets in accordance with the authority and power they have. Especially in the current era of regional autonomy, the power of a Spatial Planning Law cannot simply be operationalized in an autonomous region. Each city has its own uniqueness related to the growth and development of the city which is influenced by the process of urbanization, suburbanization and the process of sub-urbanization followed by a decline in population in the city center, as well as the process of reurbanization or deurbanization so that villages (suburban areas) gradually disappear into urban areas. 


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