The Contestetation between the Government and the City's Marginalized Groups over the Public Space of Sidewalks: A Case Study of the Surabaya City, East Java, Indonesia

Spatial practices in urban public spaces always manifest a conflict between government and non-government (Nagati & Stryke, 2016). The contrary of interest is growing stronger in metropolitans that are already implementing a liberal-style development model. Sidewalks are equipped with endemic features and this strengthens the identity of public spaces as special spaces, social exclusion, segregation, violence and insecurity (Kruijt & Koonings (eds.), 2009). The rapid escalation and growth of big cities' population has led to urban pathology. The pathology existed in forms of systematic disjuncture between opportunity structure for livelihoods, service provision, security and overall urban planning and regulation. In addition, the space of big cities is also no longer ideal in terms of size and population composition. Over a continuous growing amount of metropolitan population, those will experience cities' pathology. The concentration of the excluded poor segment is in the big cities of developing countries.

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This underprivileged class becomes a marginal group as the consequence of the urbanization process, informalization, and economic violence that has occurred before they have urbanized to the city. This phenomenon takes place in every region over the whole world. The phenomena of poverty exclusion that occurred from the 1970s to the present in almost all parts of the world. The phenomenon emerged as the effect of increasing mobility of capital and labor, new technologies, deindustrialization, and economic liberalization have generated new energy and economic opportunities.

Lefebvre's perception contained in his work 'The Right to The City' is barely considered as an idea that aims to restore the existence of a city that has turned into an arena of capitalist production. The rapid transformation of the city of Surabaya does not go along with the community environment to work on the changing environment. The logic of the liberal market and neoliberal hegemony is supported by legality and state action. Mall/plaza establishment, public utilities such as apartment, condominium, and public space which are integrated into malls/plazas is the result of the state action by negotiating and collaborating with the private sector. The spaces that have become private property (private/company) which continue to produce profits and defeat the rights of the urban poor and other lower middle-class communities.

Re-allocating sidewalks as public spaces supported by furniturisation needs to be re-evaluated. Furniturisation is not only detrimental to pedestrians. Because furniturisation is a barrier to walking comfort, but also furniture has led to a contest between street vendors and the city government who intends to control and even sterilize sidewalks in accordance with their normative ideal functions, not empirical ones.

These public space aspects arise from the practices of people in public spaces as well as along with the designers who generated them (Van Deusen Jr., 2002). The planner’s role in providing public space as well as public space as a place to strive is important when it comes to understanding the reasons behind the sidewalks' development filled with furniture in this case study. Economic and political pressure is a reality that is always present for the sidewalk and public spaces planners in Surabaya. The endeavor that took place on sidewalks as the part of public spaces between street vendors and the city government, came up with a settlement for both parties where PKL to take advantage of, while the city government controlled and disciplined street vendors on the sidewalk.


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